The Lights that Failed

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Focusing on the reconstruction of Europe in the 1920s, the analysis challenges the notion that the Treaty of Versailles directly led to World War II. It highlights both the failed efforts and the overlooked successes that offered hope for stability. Despite achieving some degree of fragile stabilization, the period ultimately succumbed to nationalist approaches during the 1929-1933 crisis, shifting away from international strategies. A subsequent volume will continue the exploration of European dynamics from 1934 to 1941.