Solid Waste Management

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Solid waste has been a significant issue long before water and air pollution gained public attention, with roots tracing back to prehistoric times. The evolution of products, technologies, and services has altered the quantity and quality of waste over the years. Waste characteristics are influenced by factors such as income, culture, geography, and economic conditions, including disasters. The industrial revolution in Europe marked a period of intense industrial activity, while the twentieth century is often termed the American Century and the twenty-first the Asian Century, driven by a desire for economic growth. As economies transition, many countries experience a surge in waste production. Approaches to solid waste management differ globally; for instance, India collects hospital waste separately, while Sweden incinerates it alongside municipal waste. Despite international agreements addressing trans-boundary waste movement, developing countries still receive waste in various forms. While many rely on waste for their livelihoods, poor waste management poses significant challenges. Consequently, solid waste management has become a critical concern for a diverse range of professionals, including engineers, doctors, psychologists, economists, and climate scientists. Recognizing the historical shifts in waste management practices, the authors aim to synthesize their expertise into a comprehensive textbook that encompasses both