Statistical, Gradient, Block and Graft Copolymers by Controlled/Living Radical Polymerizations

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Controlled polymerization reactions are essential for creating well-defined polymer architectures in macromolecular science. Living anionic polymerization was the first method to achieve this, followed by cationic polymerization, which established an equilibrium between active and dormant species. Controlled radical polymerization, including techniques like nitroxide mediated polymerization (NMP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), allows for a broader range of monomers and less stringent conditions. This results in low polydispersity and the ability to attach functionalities, enabling the formation of complex structures like block copolymers and star-shaped copolymers.