Muhammad Akram Boeken

Focusing on single-valued neutrosophic graphs, this book explores various fundamental concepts and their applications. It delves into specific types of these graphs, including their energy, as well as bipolar single-valued neutrosophic planar graphs. Additionally, it examines isomorphism within intuitionistic single-valued neutrosophic soft graphs and the characteristics of single-valued neutrosophic soft rough graphs, providing a comprehensive overview of this advanced mathematical topic.

Focusing on the structures of fuzzy Lie algebras, fuzzy Lie superalgebras, and fuzzy n-Lie algebras, this book delves into the application of various fuzzy set concepts such as type-1 fuzzy sets and bipolar fuzzy sets within these algebraic frameworks. It serves as a comprehensive resource for students and researchers in mathematics, particularly those with an interest in fuzzy algebraic structures, and extends its relevance to other scientific disciplines.

The book examines the effects of fluctuations in international trade competitiveness on employment in the UK manufacturing sector from 1999 to 2010. It reveals that shocks to trade competitiveness significantly influence employment levels, primarily through job creation. Notably, small firms are found to contribute more to job creation than larger firms. Additionally, the research highlights the relationship between GDP growth, average wages, and employment, indicating a strong response of the UK labor market to market dynamics. The impact of real exchange rate changes also varies between exporting and non-exporting firms.

The study focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of MOE (Molecular Operating Environment) in the docking of small ligand molecules to macromolecular protein targets. It compares different scoring functions, including force field and Proxy triangle scoring functions, highlighting that the choice of scoring function significantly impacts the accuracy of predicted binding affinities. The results indicate that using a force field scoring function correlates well with actual binding modes, emphasizing the importance of selecting the appropriate scoring function based on the target in drug discovery processes.

Bioinformatics is the application of statistics and computer science to the field of molecular biology.The term bioinformatics was coined by Paulien Hogeweg and Ben Hesper in 1978 for the study of informatic processes in biotic systems. Its primary use since at least the late 1980s has been in genomics and genetics, particularly in those areas of genomics involving large-scale DNA sequencing.Bioinformatics now entails the creation and advancement of databases, algorithms, computational and statistical techniques and theory to solve formal and practical problems arising from the management and analysis of biological data. Over the past few decades rapid developments in genomic and other molecular research technologies and developments in information technologies have combined to produce a tremendous amount of information related to molecular biology. It is the name given to these mathematical and computing approaches used to glean understanding of biological processes.Common activities in bioinformatics include mapping and analyzing DNA and protein sequences, aligning different DNA and protein sequences to compare them and creating and viewing 3-D models of protein structures.

Drahtlose Sensornetzwerke (WSNs) sind aufgrund ihrer Abhängigkeit von der drahtlosen Kommunikation sehr anfällig für Sicherheitsangriffe. Die Sensorknoten in WSNs sind winzig klein und verfügen nur über begrenzte Energieressourcen und Verarbeitungsmöglichkeiten. Diese energie- und hardwarebeschränkten Knoten können ohne geeignete Sicherheitsvorkehrungen von Angreifern kompromittiert werden. Es wurden mehrere Filterverfahren für unterwegs vorgeschlagen, um falsche Daten auf dem Weg herauszufiltern. Fast alle diese Verfahren setzen jedoch ein konventionelles Routing-Protokoll voraus, ohne den Angriffsstatus und die Energieverschwendung entlang des Pfades zu berücksichtigen. In diesem Buch wird eine Fuzzy-basierte adaptive Auswahl der zwischengeschalteten Verifizierungsknoten und der Datenweiterleitungspfade mit dynamischer Authentifizierungsschlüsselverbreitung vorgestellt, um eine bessere Energieeinsparung zu erreichen. Das auf Fuzzy-Regeln basierende Schema gleicht potenziell die Last zwischen den Datenweiterleitungspfaden aus, wählt den am besten geeigneten Pfad für die Datenweiterleitung, generiert neue Authentifizierungsschlüssel und teilt sie mit den zwischengeschalteten Verifizierungsknoten. Eine auf einem genetischen Algorithmus basierende Optimierungstechnik optimiert automatisch die Mitgliedsfunktionen im Fuzzy-System.