The Narmamālā of Kṣemendra

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The Narmamâlâ, "Garland of Satires," is a satirical Sanskrit work by the Kashmirian writer Ksemendra from the eleventh century. This critical edition features the first complete translation and a textual study that compares it with Ksemendra's other works, alongside appendixes that highlight the religious context ridiculed in the text and lists of technical terms. The Narmamâlâ grotesquely portrays the public and private lives of powerful government officials from the kâyastha caste, providing sharp social and religious criticism. Its exaggerated style vividly depicts urban and village life under the influence of scheming "fat cats." Ksemendra's language is notable for its blend of Sanskrit and vernacular, rich metaphors, and clever puns. The satire appears to target identifiable contemporary figures, suggesting it may have originated in a lively literary circle. Complex wordplay enhances the meaning, beginning with a mock mythological account of the kâyastha's birth, initially celebrated as equal to Íiva, then revealing a darker identity. This medieval work addresses themes still relevant today, including political corruption, bureaucratic power, religious manipulation, and the moral failings of public figures. Through humor, Ksemendra critiques entrenched political and religious corruption, advocating for change in both spheres.