Freedom and authority in Alexander S. Neill’s and Jean Jacques Rousseau’s philosophy of education

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Freedom, a defining quality of human beings, is essential for children to develop into autonomous adults. However, education often requires limiting this freedom through authority to prevent harmful actions and guide beneficial pursuits. Two influential thinkers who questioned direct adult authority in child education are J. J. Rousseau and A. S. Neill. Rousseau's alternative to conventional education, outlined in 'Emile, or on Education,' emphasizes creating educational situations. In contrast, Neill established Summerhill, a school where authority is shared among all community members, including children. This comparative study explores the lives of Rousseau and Neill, their philosophical developments, contradictions, and hidden motivations. Both grapple with the tension between human nature and civilization, a central theme of the work. Readers will encounter profound philosophical arguments and insights into beneficial interactions with children. Notably, Neill's optimistic view of human nature offers a model for educators seeking alternatives to harsh and counterproductive educational methods.