The plasma chemistry of polymer surfaces

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More than 99% of visible matter in the universe exists as highly ionized gas plasma, characterized by a continuous source of moderate energy transferred mainly as kinetic energy of electrons. These energetically unbalanced plasmas have low gas temperatures but generate enough energy for inelastic collisions with gas-phase atoms and molecules, leading to the production of reactive species and photons. This process can initiate various polymerizations or activate low-reactive polymer surfaces. However, the diverse energy levels in plasma often exceed the binding energies in polymers, resulting in unselective reactions and potential polymer degradation. This work presents innovative plasma processes and reactions that achieve high selectivity and yield. It aims to connect classical and plasma chemistry, with a focus on polymer chemistry both in bulk and at surfaces exposed to plasma. Key topics include the stability of surface functionalization and the measurement of functional groups on polymer surfaces, along with proposed chemical pathways to mitigate undesirable side effects of plasma exposure. Numerous examples illustrate the transition from inanimate to modified bioactive polymer surfaces, showcasing a variety of techniques, plasma types, and applications.