The changing landscape of a utopia

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This book marks the centennial of the kibbutz movement, celebrating the establishment of the first kibbutz, Deganya (Alef), in 1910. Originally a farming community, the kibbutz has evolved its ideology around self-rule, equality, mutual responsibility, and common ownership of production means. Often seen as a utopian community, it has diversified into various industries, including prominent international enterprises. The text explores the development of a unique zoning system, showcasing landscapes and gardens that embody these principles, influenced by Western landscape architecture traditions from central Europe. It details various periods and styles in kibbutz landscape evolution, highlighting key landscape issues, dominant tree species, and significant design elements. The contributions of notable figures—landscape gardeners, architects, and kibbutz gardeners—are also examined. The book addresses the impact of significant political and economic shifts in Israel on kibbutz ideology and its social and economic structures. The final chapter discusses how these changes have transformed the kibbutz landscape and emphasizes the importance of landscape conservation, providing relevant examples.