Vitam D 3 and metabolic syndrome

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Metabolic syndrome is characterized by the coexistence of four cardiovascular risk factors: hypertension, insulin resistance, obesity, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. It poses a significant burden on modern society, with increasing prevalence not only in adults but also in children. Currently, over 20% of individuals aged 20 and older and over 40% of those over 40 are affected. The definition and diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome have evolved over the decades, initially termed “syndrome X” in 1988 and later redefined by the World Health Organization in 1999 to include insulin resistance alongside additional risk factors such as hypertension and central obesity. Various organizations have contributed to these evolving criteria. Factors contributing to the rising incidence of metabolic syndrome include lifestyle changes, poor nutrition, and stress. Notably, the obesity component has been linked to deficiencies in essential micronutrients, particularly vitamin D3, which has garnered attention for its potential connection to insulin resistance. Vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin, exists primarily in two forms: D2 and D3, with D3 being synthesized in the body. Its positive effects on various disorders, including immune function and bone health, are well-documented. This paper reviews the current scientific literature on the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome, aiming to explore this connection in a