Mechanisms of lymphocyte activation and immune regulation V

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Signaling through antigen receptors triggers a complex series of events that activate genes regulating lymphocyte development, proliferation, and differentiation. Recent advancements have enhanced our understanding of the molecular basis of signaling pathways mediated by antigen and cytokine receptors. These pathways involve protein tyrosine kinases linked to downstream regulatory molecules, such as small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, serine-threonine kinases, and various transcription factors. Notably, breakthroughs have been made in identifying genetic defects associated with three X-linked primary immunodeficiency diseases in humans. This volume surveys these rapidly evolving research areas, organized into five sections. Section I focuses on signaling pathways in B lymphocytes, including an assessment of B cell antigen receptor structures and the role of Ig-α/Ig-β polypeptides in linking the antigen receptor to intracellular signaling. It also examines accessory molecules that regulate B cell antigen receptor signaling. Section II similarly analyzes the antigen receptor on T lymphocytes, highlighting specialized signaling motifs in CD3 polypeptides, their interactions with lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinases, and the downstream effects of these interactions. Additionally, it discusses the role of antigen-induced apoptosis in generating immunological tolerance.