Alternatives to Democracy in Twentieth-Century Europe

Focusing on historical movements like Soviet Communism, Italian Fascism, German Nazism, and Spanish Anarchism, this book explores their common rejection of individualism, representative government, and modern cultural values. It highlights their attempts to create alternatives to democracy, aiming for a revitalized national identity and spiritual renewal. The concept of palingenesis, particularly emphasized by Fascists, illustrates their desire for national rebirth, showcasing a shared vision of a future distinct from traditional democratic ideals.