The dispute between Chinese mandarins and British merchants in the 19th century

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The essay explores the 19th-century conflict between Chinese mandarins and British merchants, highlighting its impact on contemporary bilateral trade and political relations. It examines how the clash between England's capitalist ideals and China's feudal structure shaped economic interactions and influenced modern dynamics between the two nations. Through this historical lens, the paper provides insights into the lasting effects of past disputes on current trade and diplomatic ties.